toddler

[edit] Physiologic changes
Abdominal breathing, RR slows
HR slows further 110-90 per minute
BP increases 99/64 mmHg
Brain develops to 90% of its adult size
Middle ear infections still common
Stomach secretions become more acidic
Urinary and anal sphincter control becomes possible with complete myelination of the spinal cord (actually, babies are born with the ability to control their urinary and anal sphincter muscles. Check the page on "Elimination Communication" for more details.)
In immune system, IgG and EgM Ab product becomes mature at 2 years of age
[edit] Toddler profile
Gains weight only about 5-10 lbs. appetite decreases accordingly
[edit] 2 years
Doubles birth height
Chest circumference greater than HC
New teeth
[edit] 1/2-3 years
All 20 deciduous teeth are generally present
Subcutaneous tissue or baby fat begins to disappear as child changes from a plump baby to a leaner, more muscular child.
[edit] Body Contour
Tends to have prominent abdomen since his abdominal muscle are not yet strong to support abdominal contents.
Has lordoses because he is a beginning walker. As he walks longer, this will correct itself naturally.
[edit] Developmental milestones
[edit] Physical development
[edit] 18 months
Growth has decreased and appetite lessened - "physiologic anorexia"
Anterior fontanel usually closed
Circumference protrudes, larger than chest circumference
[edit] 2 years
Weight: about 11-12 kg
Height: about 80-82 cm
Teeth: 12 temporary
[edit] 2 1/2 years
Teeth: full set of 20 temporary
Decreased need for nap
[edit] Motor development
[edit] 14 months
Walks well alone with wide based gait
Creeps upstairs
Builds of two blocks
Drinks from a cup, uses spoon
Enjoys throwing objects picking them up
[edit] 18 months
Walks sideways and backwards, runs well, falls easily
Climbs stairs or up on furnitures
Scribbles vigorously, attempting a straight line
Drinks well from a cup, still spills with a spoon
[edit] 2 years
Gross motor skills quite well refined can walk up and down stairs on both feet one step at a time holding on to rail
Builds tower of five cubes
Control of spoon well-developed
Toilet trained during day time..
[edit] Vocalization and socialization
[edit] 15 months
Can use 10-15 words
Says "no" which be said while doing a request demand
Indicates when diaper is wet
[edit] 18 months
Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns.
Begins to have temper tantrums
Very ritualistic, has favorite toy or blanket, thumb-sucking may be at peak.
[edit] 2 years
Vocabulary of about 300 words
Obey simple commands
Helps undress self and pull on simple clothes
Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality
Does not share possessions, everything "mine"
[edit] 2 1/2 years
Begins to see self as separate individual still sees other children as "objects"
[edit] Major learning events
[edit] Toilet training (most important task of toddler)
Psychologic readiness
Process training
Parental response
[edit] Play (Parallel play)
Child plays alongside other children but not with them
Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules or regulations
Attention span very short and change of toys occur at frequent intervals
Imitation and make-believe play begins by end of the second year
Games: throwing and retrieving objects

Suggested toys:

Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, play telephone, puzzles with large pieces, pedal propelled toys, rocking horse, clay crayons, finger paints, pounding toys, blocks, push-pull toys, balls
[edit] Walking
To toddle is to walk unsteadily; the term cruising is sometimes used for toddlers who cannot toddle but must hold onto something while walking.

On average, a child begins walking between 9 and 14 months of age. The age at which children start to walk can generally be determined by their gender, physical attributes and family genes. Small, light children usually walk earlier than heavy, large children.

[edit] Language
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word most often occurs around 12 months, but again this is only an average. The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7-9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play". Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.

[edit] Emotions and self
There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend to not emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.

This age is sometimes referred to as 'the terrible twos',[3][4] because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase, it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation.[5] This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence.

Self-awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting. Around 18 months of age, a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his/her own thoughts and actions. A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves. One way to test this is to put lipstick on the child's forehead and show them their own reflection. Upon seeing the out-of-the-ordinary mark, if the child reaches to her own forehead, the child has achieved this important milestone. Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced.

[edit] Toilet training
Although there is a growing movement of parents who choose to help their babies use the toilet from birth (see "Elimination Communication" for more details), most children in the United States are toilet trained while they are toddlers. In most Western countries, toilet training starts as early as 9 months and walking(as soon as the child starts to walk) for some, while others are not ready to begin toilet training until they are three years old. Children who are at home are generally potty trained earlier than those in day care all day. Two important indicators of toilet training readiness are whether a child understands the concept of using the toilet and whether they have any control over excreting waste (parents who use elimination communication do not have to wait for these readiness signs to help their babies use the potty). This can be a frustrating time for parents. The parents who are willing to put forward the most time and encouragement are the ones that succeed the quickest. Some toddlers can learn this task in a week, while some take two or three months.[citation needed]

[edit] Overview table
The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age. Times vary greatly from child to child. It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills (such as walking) well before other skills (like talking). Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone.

Age Physical Mental Emotional
12–14 months Walk alone well.
Drink from a cup (poorly).
Turn pages in a book (a few at a time).
Play ball by rolling or tossing it.
Uses one or two syllable words such as "ball" or "cookie"
Can follow a simple command with an associated gesture, such as: bringing a cup to you when you point at it and say "Please bring me the cup".
Use gestures or words to convey objects, such as: Pointing at a book, raising arms to be picked up, or saying "cup".
Mimic actions such as covering eyes while playing Peekaboo.

15–18 months Hold a crayon well enough to scribble.
Lift cup up to mouth for drinking.
Climb onto furniture.
Uses 10–20 words.
May be able to follow a command without a gesture.
Stack two blocks.
Address others with greetings.
Mimic parental activities such as cleaning up or talking on a telephone.

12–24 months Feed self with a spoon.
Run.
Climb into a small chair.
Walk up steps.
Helps with dressing: Likes to dress and undress self.
Speaks 20–50 words; understands many more
Stack six blocks
Understands non-physical relationships such as turning on lights or pushing buttons.
Sorting toys.
Searching for hidden objects.
Problem solving through experimentation.
Wants to be independent at times. Will throw a tantrum or possibly say no.
Mimics social behavior such as hugging a teddy bear or feeding a doll.
Self recognition.
Self reference.
Displays attachment.
Separation anxiety.
Can play turn-taking games.
Begins to be ready for toilet learning

25–36 months Advanced mobility and climbing skills.
Increased dexterity with small objects, puzzles.
Able to dress oneself.
Speaking in sentences.
Ability to be independent to primary care giver.
Easily learns new words, places and people's names.
Anticipates routines.
Toilet learning continues
Plays with toys in imaginative ways.
Attempts to sing in-time with songs.
Knows boys from girls.
Shows preferences, such as clothes and entertainment.
Knows how to play different games.


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