children with diabetes

hyperglycemia and ketone testing
Hyperglycemia means high blood sugar. For people with type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia caused by insufficient insulin can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis,
a very serious situation that requires emergency medical treatment.
Hyperglycemia can also be caused by eating too much food, which
requires treatment to lower blood sugar levels but which does not lead
to DKA. The only way to determine between the two situations is through
ketone testing.

Causes of Hyperglycemia Eating too much food relative to the amount of insulin injected Missing an insulin injection Blockage in insulin pump tubing Disconnected insulin pump infusion set Illness or stress

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia Frequent urination Frequent thirst Blurry vision Dry mouth Fatigue

Testing for Ketones


There are two ways to test for ketones: urine testing and blood
testing. Just as blood glucose testing proved to be superior to urine
glucose testing, so too is blood ketone testing proving to be better
than urine ketone testing. Ketones appear first in the blood, then in
the urine after being filtered by the kidneys. Thus the body has been
producing ketones for a while before you can detect them in the urine.
Children with Diabetes Highly Recommends blood ketone testing over urine ketone testing.

Since ketones in the blood can be detected well before ketones in the
urine, there is the possibility to treat sooner than you would if you
waited for urine testing to show a positive result. Blood ketone
testing can be easier for parents who have very young children with
diabetes who do not always have the ability to urinate on command.
Also, being able to test with a finger stick eliminates the need to
find a bathroom to test if you're away from home or when kids are at
school.

Two recent studies (February 2006) demonstrate clear medical benefit from blood ketone testing. The first study (Diabetic Medicine 23 (3), 278-284)
showed a significant reduction in hospitalizations during sick days (38
vs. 75 per 100 patient days) for people who used blood ketone testing
compared with urine ketones testing. Staying out of the hospital is a
very powerful argument for using blood ketone testing. The second study
(Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006 Feb;8(1):67-75)
showed that, for patients using insulin pumps, blood ketone testing
could identify interruptions in insulin flow faster and more accurately
than even blood glucose monitoring and could thus help pumpers prevent
DKA better than if they didn't use blood ketone testing.

Whether you choose blood or urine ketone testing, it's important to
keep a fresh stock of test strips on hand at all times. You don't want
to find yourself or your child sick and then discover that you have
nothing to check ketones.

At this time, however, blood ketone testing is more expensive than urine ketone testing. A Precision Xtra
meter costs about $65 in the United States (though it is often on sale
at drug stores), and the ketone test strips cost about $30 for eight,
or about $3.75 per test. In contrast, urine test strips can cost as
little as 16 cents per strip (vial of 100 Ketostix) to as much as 40
cents per strip (package of 20 foil wrapped Ketostix). While sometimes
insurance in the US will cover the cost of the blood ketone test
strips, they still cost more than urine test strips. Regardless of this
additional cost, the clinical benefits described in recent studies
still argue for using blood ketone testing.


Blood Ketone Testing

The Precision Xtra blood glucose meter can also be used to test for blood ketones. As of January 2009, this is the only meter than can test for blood ketones. Because of the importance of identifying ketones as soon as possible, everyone with type 1 diabetes might want consider a Precision XTRA for blood ketone testing, regardless of which blood glucose meter they use. For children and teens, particularly at school, testing for blood ketones rather than urine ketones might be more convenient, easier to use, and therefore more like to actually be used. The following chart can help you interpret the results of the Precision Xtra's blood ketone test results: Blood Ketone Reading Indications Above 1.5 mmol/l Readings above 1.5 mmol/l in the presence of hyperglycemia indicate that you may be at risk for developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Contact your healthcare provider immediately for advice. 0.6 to 1.5 mmol/l Readings between 0.6 and 1.5 mmol/l may indicate the development of a problem that may require medical assistance. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions. Below 0.6 mmol/l Readings below 0.6 mmol/l are in the normal range. Source: Precision Xtra® documentation

The Precision Xtra meter, which is the only meter that does blood ketone testing

Urine Ketone Testing

Urine ketone testing uses urine ketone strips to determine the presence of ketones in the urine. These strips are made by many companies, and some familiar brands are Clinistix, Ketostix, and Keto-Diastix. To use urine ketone strips, you either collect a urine sample and dip the test strip into the urine, or you urinate on the test strip. You then wait a specific amount of time and look for a color change in the strip. The color will indicate the amount of ketones in the urine. Urine test strips typically expire 90 days after a vial of test strips is opened. For that reason, if you use urine ketone strips, you may wish to consider getting a box of individually foil wrapped ketone test strips. While foil wrapped ketone strips are more expensive per strip than a vial of ketone strips (about 40 cents per strip versus as little as 16 cents per strip for a vial of 100), you will likely throw away less strips due to expiration dates and could save money in the long run. Most pharmacies carry vials of ketone strips, but may need to order a box of foil wrapped strips. This graphic shows a close up of the color chart used to determine the amount of ketones in the urine for Ketostix, one brand of urine ketone test strips:

Label from Ketostix strips showing how color indicates ketone levels in urine

When to Test for Ketones



If the blood sugar is > 240 mg/dl (13.3 mmol/l)¹,
many diabetes teams recommend testing for ketones. This table offers
guidelines for action based on the results of the ketones test.

If ketones are: Blood: 0.6 to 1.5 mmol/l Urine: negative to small If ketones are: Blood: Above 1.5 mmol/l Urine: moderate to large Drink lots of water Keep drinking until urine is clear of ketones Take extra short-acting insulin as advised by your diabetes team Continue to check blood sugar and ketones Drink lots of water Contact your diabetes team, as this level of ketones indicates a serious health condition Take extra short-acting insulin as advised by your diabetes team Continue to check blood sugar and ketones

Blood Ketone Strip Ordering Information


If you are having problems getting blood ketone strips for the
Precision Xtra meter, the NDC code is 57599-0745-01 and the UPC code
is 0-93815-70745-5. Give that information to your local pharmacist to
help with the order. Abbott Diabetes Care also has a list of stores that carry their diabetes care products.



For Additional Information

• Sick Days
  
• Ketone Testing information by Abbott Diabetes Care, maker of the Precision Xtra meter.
  
• Bedside Monitoring of Blood beta-Hydroxybutyrate Levels in the Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children.
  
• Sick
  day management using blood 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) compared with
  urine ketone monitoring reduces hospital visits in young people with
  T1DM: a randomized clinical trial. (Diabetic Medicine 23 (3), 278-284)
  
• Early detection of insulin deprivation in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion-treated patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
• Impaired
  endothelial antithrombotic activity following short-term interruption
  of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
• Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia from Novo Nordisk
  
• Evaluation of an Electrochemical Sensor for Measuring Blood Ketones (PDF reprint)
  
• The
  direct measurement of 3-beta-hydroxy butyrate enhances the management
  of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and reduces time and costs of
  treatment.
  
• Accuracy
  of an Electrochemical Sensor for Measuring Capillary Blood Ketones by
  Fingerstick Samples During Metabolic Deterioration After Continuous
  Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Interruption in Type 1 Diabetic Patients
  
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Treatment Guidelines by Arlan L Rosenbloom, M.D. and Ragnar Hanas, M.D.
  
• Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.
  
• The Diabetes UK offers guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents
  
• Recommended DKA Guidelines from the British Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes
  
• High Blood Sugar from the Joslin Diabetes Center
  
• Ketones and Acidosis (PDF) from Understanding Insulin Dependent Diabetes by Peter Chase
  
• Ketones and Acidosis from Understanding Insulin Dependent Diabetes by Peter Chase
  
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis provides an explanation of DKA and its treatment
  
• Uring Ketone Testing from the Virtual Hospital
  
• Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Charts in Vietnamese.
  

¹ The value of 240 mg/dl [13.3 mmol/l] is a
frequently used guideline. Your diabetes team might advise you to use a
different value.